Author: Author: Richard Pateau

When it comes to networking and communication, there are many different ways network devices can talk to each other. Different processes utilize different communication types depending on the context. The most common message types are unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast. IPv4 utilizes unicast, broadcast, and multicast. IPv6 supports unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 does not…

Today I am going to talk about IPv6 which is another Internet Protocol that was created to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 was created in hopes of going from IPv4 to the internet being completely IPv6, but never fully took over because of mechanisms such as NAT and RFC 1918 private addressing that…

Every IP-capable network device has an interface called a loopback interface. A loopback interface can be found in PCs, switches, and routers. A loopback interface is an address that when pinged or routed to is processed internally by the device and not tied to any physical interface. It is a virtual interface when configured with…

In these past few blog posts, I’ve discussed TCP and everything it entails, but even though it is the most used protocol by applications, others transport data via UDP (User Datagram Protocol.) UDP is used for applications such as SNMP, DHCP, TFTP, and Syslog. Unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless meaning it doesn’t need to form…

TCP is known for its reliability compared to UDP, and one of the ways that it does this is by sequence numbers and acknowledgements. Retransmissions are also a big factor in its reliability as well. There is a timer called “retransmission timeout timer” and when the segment is sent the retransmission timer starts for it….

TCP is one of the main transport layer protocols that is used for many applications such as HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, and SSH. It is a very reliable protocol providing sequencing and acknowledgements unlike its counterpart UDP. Another important feature of TCP is flow control. Flow control is a mechanism used by TCP to avoid the…

Today I am going to talk about TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), and all of its features that it provides layer 4. TCP is a transport layer protocol that is widely used for the bulk of the applications used today such as FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet, SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS. Connection-Orientated- TCP is a transport layer…

Today I am going to discuss multiplexing and demultiplexing. These are crucial mechanisms operating at layer 4 that allows computer users to use multiple applications at the same time. A typical user working in a corporate environment is most likely using email, the web browser, VoIP (Voice over IP), SSH, FTP, DNS and so much…

Today I am going to talk about GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol), which is another FHRP but this time with major differences on how it functions. GLBP is another Cisco proprietary protocol that provides gateway redundancy but also provides load balancing on top of it. Instead of having the typical FHRP master/active router with a…

HSRP- Another FHRP protocol is HSRP which is a Cisco proprietary protocol. This protocol functions in the same way as VRRP does for the most part with a few differences, so let’s dive into it. The main router that is responsible for forwarding traffic for the HSRP group is called the “active” router. The active…