Today I will be discussing BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) fundamentals. When it comes to dynamic routing there are two different main types of routes called “IGP” (Interior Gateway Protocol) and “EGP” (Exterior Gateway Protocol.) IGPs are routing protocols that dynamically derive routes within a single AS (autonomous system), while EGPs derive routes between ASs (autonomous…

In the past article, I discussed SDN so today I will be discussing Cisco’s version of SDN which is called “SD-Acess.” SD-Access is a SDN architecture designed for enterprise campus networks and is used to simplify network deployment, management, automation, and security. Instead of configuring each network device individually, administrators can define policies, segmentation, and…

Today I will be discussing SDN which stands for Software Defined Networking. Network devices such as routers and switches have multiple parts (planes) that work together to form a functioning network device that can send and receive packets. Each plane has its own responsibility. These parts are often called “planes” which are:  Management Plane –…

Today I will be discussing AI and machine learning. AI is a type of computer science that focuses on building systems that can perform human tasks that typically require human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, perception, and understanding language. The reason why AI is powerful is because it doesn’t have to…

Today I am going to be discussing the different types of WLC interfaces which are:  Management Interface – The management interface is the primary logical (not tied to a physical port) interface used for controller management and supporting its day to day wireless operations. There are three main roles that a management interface is used…

Today I am going to be discussing wireless security and talk about both legacy security protocols and newer more secure protocols. Ever since wireless has been used to provide network access, there have been many attempts to make it secure. A good security protocol will cover these three components which are:  WEP – One of…

As you probably notice, if you’ve read recent articles, APs do not just operate in one mode. They typically have multiple operations that can be used for different purposes. Today I will be discussing the different types of modes that can be used with Lightweight APs.  Local – Local mode is the default operating mode…

When it comes to wireless, not all APs are made the same. The most popular type of APs either follow a centralized architecture or a decentralized architecture. Today I will be discussing autonomous APs vs lightweight APs.  Autonomous AP – Autonomous APs follow a “decentralized architecture,” where each AP can function independently. An autonomous AP…

When it comes to wireless there isn’t just one kind of frame. There are three main types of frame classification types and they are data frames, management frames, and control frames. Each frame type has their own subtypes and serves different purposes.   Data Frames – In 802.11 Frames, data frames are used to carry…

Today I am going to be discussing the association process when a client is trying to connect a wireless network. The “association process” typically takes three steps.  Network Discovery Phase 1 The first step is the discovery phase. The discovery can either be through active scanning or passive scanning. The type of frames used during…