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Life of a Packet
Hi, today I am going to talk about the life of a packet which means the process that happens when an IP packet needs to arrive at a destination that must pass through intermediate routers. This is one of the most important topics to truly understand networking. When a PC on one subnet wants to…
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Default Gateway/Default Route
Today we are going to talk about default gateway and default routes. These two are vital when it comes to internetworking and external communication. A default gateway is a router that serves as the “exit door” into subnets that hosts are not currently in. Lets break it down, picture a topology with 10 PCs connected…
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Connected/Local Routes
Today we are going to talk about connected and local routes. Routes are instructions/rules on a routing table that tells the router where to forward data. A router relies on routes on the routing table to know how to forward a packet. A routing table is populated with routes that tell the router the destination…
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IPv4 Header
Today we are going to dive into the IPv4 header that is added when data is being encapsulated. The IPv4 header is vital for network communication, and gives instructions on how to deal with data. Although the IPv4 header can look daunting at first, after you are familiar with the concepts it makes sense as…
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Subnet Mask
Today we are going to talk about subnet masks, network addresses and broadcast addresses. A subnet mask is very important when it comes to the world of networking and logical addressing. Without a subnet mask, IP addressing would be chaotic and unorganized. A subnet mask is a DDN that divides the network portion from the…
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IPv4 and Binary
Today we are going to talk about IPv4 which stands for internet protocol version 4. An IP is a logical address that is used in layer 3 to identify host addresses, default gateways, loopback interfaces, and router interfaces. An IP address is much like a home address, where it represents where to send something to…
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Input and Output Errors
Today we’re going to dive into input errors and output errors. Input and output errors can be found under the “show interface” command on cisco CLI. These are usually just a counter that increments every time a specific error happens that stops a frame from being successfully transmitted. Whenever the input or output error increases,…
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Encapsulation/Decapsulation
If you’re studying for network+, CCNA, or just anything networking you are going to encounter the word encapsulation and decapsulation A LOT. Encapsulation and decapsulation is the heart of how computers are even able to talk to each other. You most definitely would not be viewing this right now if bits never turn into signals…
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Ethernet Frame
Today we’re going to dive into an Ethernet Frame header and trailer, and what it entails. Frames are a Layer 2 PDU(Protocol Data Unit) that gets forwarded between hosts that are usually in the same broadcast domain or VLAN. Ethernet frames are also vital for transporting packets across networks because a new ethernet frame header…
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Cisco CLI – User vs Privilege
Hello everyone, today we’re going to talk about certain privileges when it comes to using the CLI. The CLI means command line interface and this is how you tell network devices such as routers or switches how to behave via protocols and configurations. The CLI has different user privileges that can be used for stuff…