Author: Author: Richard Pateau

Today I am going to talk about multicast scopes. Multicast is a message type that is used to transmit a single stream of data to a group of interested recipients who have displayed interest in receiving that data by joining a “multicast group.” The original data stream is only transmitted once, and network devices such…

Today I am going to talk about the different types of IPv6 addresses used. Although IPv6 is just supposed to be another IP protocol with sufficient addresses, the design of IPv6 is very different when it comes to addresses. The types of addresses I will get into today are ULA (Unique Local Addresses), GUA (Global…

When it comes to networking and communication, there are many different ways network devices can talk to each other. Different processes utilize different communication types depending on the context. The most common message types are unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast. IPv4 utilizes unicast, broadcast, and multicast. IPv6 supports unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 does not…

Today I am going to talk about IPv6 which is another Internet Protocol that was created to address the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 was created in hopes of going from IPv4 to the internet being completely IPv6, but never fully took over because of mechanisms such as NAT and RFC 1918 private addressing that…

Every IP-capable network device has an interface called a loopback interface. A loopback interface can be found in PCs, switches, and routers. A loopback interface is an address that when pinged or routed to is processed internally by the device and not tied to any physical interface. It is a virtual interface when configured with…

In these past few blog posts, I’ve discussed TCP and everything it entails, but even though it is the most used protocol by applications, others transport data via UDP (User Datagram Protocol.) UDP is used for applications such as SNMP, DHCP, TFTP, and Syslog. Unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless meaning it doesn’t need to form…

TCP is known for its reliability compared to UDP, and one of the ways that it does this is by sequence numbers and acknowledgements. Retransmissions are also a big factor in its reliability as well. There is a timer called “retransmission timeout timer” and when the segment is sent the retransmission timer starts for it.…

TCP is one of the main transport layer protocols that is used for many applications such as HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, and SSH. It is a very reliable protocol providing sequencing and acknowledgements unlike its counterpart UDP. Another important feature of TCP is flow control. Flow control is a mechanism used by TCP to avoid the…

Today I am going to talk about TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), and all of its features that it provides layer 4. TCP is a transport layer protocol that is widely used for the bulk of the applications used today such as FTP, SMTP, POP3, Telnet, SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS. Connection-Orientated- TCP is a transport layer…

Today I am going to discuss multiplexing and demultiplexing. These are crucial mechanisms operating at layer 4 that allows computer users to use multiple applications at the same time. A typical user working in a corporate environment is most likely using email, the web browser, VoIP (Voice over IP), SSH, FTP, DNS and so much…